Ganapathy T, Rajamanickam K, Raveendran TS, Lourduraj AC, Kennedy FJS, 1992. Northern Territory of Australia: Department of Primary Production. Junk, 800 pp.įood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAOSTAT - 2012.įenner T.L. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 603-632.Įndrödi S. Armoured Scale Insects, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Ceylon Coconut Quarterly, 13(3-4): 10 pp.ĭavidson J.A., and Miller D.R. A check list of parasites, the hyperparasites, predators, and pathogens of the coconut leaf eating caterpillar Nephantis serinopa Meyrick recorded in Ceylon and in India and their distribution in these countries. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 9:109-111.ĭamaraju, E. Wallingford, UK CAB International, 270 pp.Ĭohic F. The biology, taxonomy and control of the Limacodidae of economic importance on palms in South-east Asia. Biological control of Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oechophoridae). The coconut rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros (L.). Biology, ecology and control of palm rhinoceros beetles. of the Malaysian Crop Protection Conferenceīedford G.O. The rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros in young oil palms replanted after rubber on some estates in Western Malaysia. Biological controls is recommended for suppression of other coconut pests, such as slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) such as Parasa lepida Cramer coconut leaf moth, Artona catoxantha Hampton (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) and coconut leafminer, Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).īarlow H.S., and Chew, P.S. Application of insecticides could inducee the infestation of the scale. Local parasitoids, Comperiella, Aphytis and Encarsia also play important roles in keeping the pest under control. The most common natural enemies associated with the coconut scales are the coccinellid beetles Chilocorus spp., Azya trinitatis, Cryptognatha nodiceps, Rhyzobius lophanthae and Pentilia castanea. Predators are significant biological control agents in limiting A. Coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) has been reported as a serious in Philippines. Bacillus thruringiensis has been recommended for biological control of the black headed caterpillar in Thailand. Management of this pest in its native region consisted of: 1) removing and burning of the infested leaves 2) biological control by releasing parasitoids such as Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck), Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael), Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan and 3) chemical control by trunk injection and applying systemic insecticides in the holes. Coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) is one of the key pests of coconut in South Asia and invaded Thailand in 2008. Biological control of the pest is recommended by releasing two species of parasitoids, Asecodes hispinarus Boucek (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae), is an invasive pest occurs in Southeast Asia and Pacific region. Pheromone trapping is also developed for reduction of this pest. Keeping the rhinoceros under control results in keeping the red palm weevil under control too. Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) outbreaks usually occur after infestation of rhinoceros beetle. Management of this pest is a combination of sanitation in plantations and surrounding, biological control by using Metarhizium anisopliae, Oryctes virus and pheromone trapping. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Among these pests, rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, coconut hispine beetle, coconut black headed caterpillar and coconut scale currently causing severe damage to coconut palms in the region. Several insects were reported as coconut pests in Asia and Pacific region. IPM is based on farmer’s local knowledge, acceptance and education. IPM is not only cost effective but simultaneously prioritized human and environmental safety. IPM or Integrated pest management is a strategy that integrates various methods of cultural, physical, mechanical, biological control and selection of pesticides as the last option.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |